Financial Analysis and Management in Business

TASK 1

Critically evaluation of five external source of finance which are available for a publicly listed business entity

When any firm make plan to expand business in new market then very key necessary which require is such as financial resources because without this the management not able to enter in the other market. In this condition in there are variety of external as well as internal sources by which the management of public listed company able to raise fund and then can easily enter in agreed and expected market (Michalski, 2012). In context to this for publicly listed firm there are different external sources of finance available which elaborated along with benefits and limitations are as below:

1. Equity financing

It is the most widely used and adopted financing source for the public listed entities while enhancing fund in the business. It is a source in which the company issue its shares and stock in the market using IPO and FPO. Further, the shares are purchased by the shareholders and the sum of money is to be used in firm for expand and any other business purposes. Some advantages and disadvantages of equity financing are as below:

Advantages:

• It takes very less cost of finance which not affects to the profitability ratio and margin condition in the industry of operating. Further, dividend amount is given to the potential shareholders on the money invested in shares but if the firm has positive and better profit.
• While raising capital on the basis of such financing source the public companies not need to repay any kind of payments which is the major benefit of it (Lord and et.al., 2013).
• If talking about the risk factor then there is lower risk in the equity financing as compare to all the available source of fiancé at external level.

Disadvantages:

• Equity financing is a time consuming process while issuing shares in the market. Along with this it is compulsory to listing in the stock market if the firm wish to raise from equity. Further, listing process in stock market is also long and wide which takes more time.
• In equity financing the shareholders become a part of the business and they have right to interfere in business decision making process. Hence, the company loss power to make effectual business decisions because of involving the stockholders in some business meetings (Flood, Mendelowitz and Nichols, 2013).
• It is highly compulsory to fulfill all the legal and regulatory compliances which are impose by the stock market on the public listed firm.

2. Bank loan

Other financing source which is available and suitable for public type of firms is bank loan in which the company takes amount from the commercial banks. While taking capital from bank it imposes interest charges on firm as a cost of finance. Further, bank loan is a medium or long terms source of finance which has some limitations and benefits which are expressed as below:

Benefits:

• Very key benefit of the bank loan is that it provides tax deductable services along with effectual financial plan against of paying the interest amount and charges by the public firm which lead to increase profit.
• Apart from this, process of raising capital through the bank loan source is easy and of the very short term.
• The company can use the bank loan financing services for short term, medium time as well as for the long term also (Fredrick, 2013).
• It helps to the public entity in order to keep cash on hand which can be used in different business activities.

Limitations:

• Apart from easy and sort process, to obtain and raise capital by taking help of bank loan is little difficult for the public firms.
• When talking about the cost and risk aspect of financing then these both are higher in the bank loan. Along with this amount of the interest charges varies over the specific period of time which leads to impact on the smooth business process.
• Furthermore, in case the public listed unable to fulfill and pay debt obligations then the bank has power to wound up the overall company.
• In some cases, the banks not provide adequate amount of loan which is demanded by the firms.

3. Venture capitalist

As per the venture capital the public business organizations raise fund for business expansion which takes stake of the firm. Apart from this, it provides capital for start and establishes new business in the market along with giving services of business expertise and makes it profitable (Mathiyazhagan and et.al., 2013). Further, there are some benefits and drawbacks are such as follows:

Advantages:

• Venture capital helps to the entrepreneur in order to start up a new business which is not possible through other source of finance.
• By this the management able to take highly useful and profitable business judgment because venture capital provide valuable industry connections, expertise as well as advice to firm.
• The companies which are listed in the public sector able to grow at the fastest rate because venture capitalist helps to it in order to connect with another business entities and industry both.
• There is any kind of repay system and schedule available which is helpful for the public type of organizations.

Drawbacks:

• When the public firm take more amount of capital through venture capital then total cash flow reduce which is negative impact on it.
• In context to this, being a shareholder of the firm control on the business process diluted and some power of decision making go with venture capitalists (Islam and et.al., 2013).
• Most of the venture capitalists impose cost of finance which is almost 50% stake of the firm which led to change the ownership status at the minor level.

4. Factoring

The source of finance in which the public company sell its accounts receivables and then raise fund for further business actions and expansion is called factoring. In this the person who purchase its accounts is known as factor. The current financing source is used by the companies less as compare to other external available sources. Apart from this, in factoring debtors also plays a role. Moreover, its some merits and demerits are such as follows:

Merits:

• It helps to raise larger capital amount in the business while making comparison with the other external type of source of finance.
• For funding the business it is the fastest source and method which helps to set up new branch quickly.
• It is not a loan or any debt because the firm sale its own accounts receivables to the factor in the market (Advantages and Disadvantages of Factoring, 2012).
• Factoring process and source having lesser cost than the equity financing source.

Demerits:

• Key limitation of factoring is that factors can use and adopt sometimes harsh methods as well as techniques in order to recover and fulfill the debt amount.
• While making comparison with the bank loan then factoring is more costly and expensive.
• In addition to this, control over the company diluted with the factors by which management loss whole control on the business.

5. Government grant

In this kind of source of finance the company of public segment raise fund by taking help and support of the government grants which is a regulatory body. When the business organisation wish to expand firm and enter in the different market then the government grants of country allow it to provide financing services (Thota and et.al., 2012). It has various benefits along with the limitations which are given as below:

Advantages:

• The government grants allow to the public companies for provide huge amount of the loan and capital at just a single application and proposal.
• The public companies which are taking fund and capital amount from the government grants then they find that current kind of source is more easier and effectual when comparison with another financing sources.
• Apart from such benefits, it helps to public companies in order to increase their credibility as well as expose in the public.

Limitations:

• When the public company going to raise fund through government grants then it needs to prepare and give proposals which require more research as well as hard work. Along with this, it is little typical and complex to write the proposal for government grants (Almajali, Alamro and Al-Soub, 2012).
• Government grants frame various set of rules and regulations which are necessary to adopt those firms which use its financial services.
• In addition to this, government grants put variety of requirements which has to fulfill by the public company due to which smooth functioning of it affects in negative way.

Explaining considerations which are must taken by the firm at the time of selecting financing source

With the source of finance there are varieties of aspects associated with them which may affect the public listed company in terms of negative or positive or both manners. When the management of public listed company going to take decision for choosing one financing source then it needs to analyse several elements which associate with it. If the company not consider such kinds of all the factors then cannot take appropriately decision and expand firm. Each and every source of finance has different kinds of implications on the company which are related to the financial, legal, controlling, bankruptcy etc. Along with this the manager must consider and analyse impact of the every source which will be on the company's performance (Tehrani, Mehragan and Golkani, 2012). It can be said that the public company must taken into consideration some factors which are explained as below:

Risk- With the every financing basis risk and threat are always there which is necessary to analyse by the firm when it going to make decision of using the financial services. It has to know that with which kind of source risk is associated up to which extent. Apart from this, the company needs to know that if management not able to meet with all the requirements then what will impact on it. For example: in case of bank loan if the company not able to fulfill and pay all the obligations amount then bank can cease whole entity. Further, while choosing a source such kind of risks must take into consideration.

Cost- Apart from risk, cost is also one of the important factors which highly associated with each and every external source of finance. When the management takes fund from external source then it has to pay cost which affect to the income and profit level in negative way (Dunham-Taylor and Pinczuk, 2014). Furthermore, different varieties of source have different type of costs which are lower and higher. The company needs to choose a source for financing business which has lowest cost by which impact on the income will there at the very low rate. Apart from this, it needs to know that with which kind of source the cost increase or decrease over the year. After considering these all the faces of cost element the public firm needs to make decision for adopting a financing source.

Control- The mentioned factor plays an integral role while the public business going to take financing decision. The company needs to undertaken those kinds of source in which level of control diluted at the lower extent with the external party. If the company issue more number of shares then these will purchase by, more shareholders and control diluted with them again. Apart from this, while selecting the venture capitalists and factoring then the company loss its control over the business and diluted with stockholders and factors respectively (What Factors You Need To Consider When Choosing A Source Of Finance In Business, 2016). Therefore, when the public company take and consider the control aspect then able to raise fund effectively along with reducing level of diluting control on business.

Legal rules- With different source of finance there are various types of legal rules and implication which are necessary to follow by the public companies. Hence, it can be said that while taking funding decision the management of an entity must consider legal implications and regulations also which lead to reduce risks.

TASK 2

Explanation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)

A model which shows that company is how much paying cost and expenses on an average behind raising fund and capital through external market and all source of finance is known as weighted average cost of capital (WACC). On the basis of WACC the company is able to determine that it has up to which extent capital from the external sources. Lower the respective value is highly better and profitable for the public listed business entity. At the workplace if WACC is higher, then it clearly indicates that with the company there are is higher risk associated. In the other words, WACC is combination of all those costs which are associated with the capital raised by the company for different business purposes (Richard, Kirby and Chadwick, 2013). When the company going to analyse as well as determine weighted average cost of capital then there are several factors affects to it. Such elements which impact on the WACC are such as dividend policy, market conditions, capital structure, investment policy, interest and tax rates etc. When the managers of public listed organisation going to compute value of weighted average cost of capital then it needs to all the costs which it currently pays behind the capital raising such as cost of dent, interest amount, dividend etc.

Moreover, with the weighted average cost of capital there are mainly two kinds of assumptions which are associated with it by which the management able to adopt the respective model. First assumption is related to the capital structure in which debt and equity are included. It is necessary that in the capital structure of the firm changes not needs to occur and if changes comes into existence then WACC model cannot used. Apart from this, other assumption is associated with the risk aspect in which when the firm going to undertake new project then level of risk must be constant (Flood, Mendelowitz and Nichols, 2013). There are should be any changes not need to occur at the working environment. The concept of weighted average cost of capital is used by all the firms which are raising fund through the external financing sources. On the basis of WACC the management of public listed company able to analyse that company is positioned in which risk level.

Apart from this, while calculating WACC there is various capital sources are included along with their different costs as well expenditures. Such capital sources associated in the WACC are such as equity shares, debentures, bonds, common stock, preferred stock as well as various long term debts. In the equation and formula of the WACC there are mainly two types of costs are comes into consideration which are like as cost of dent as well as cost of equity. Along with this, market values (MV) of equity capital as well as debentures both are included. Hence, it can be said that in the WACC there are equity and debentures both are plays highly significant role. you can also check Free Examples of Assignments.

Critically evaluating influence of long term financing sources on WACC

When the public listed company calculate the weighted average cost of capital then long different source influence to it up to higher level. More amount of the capital level lead to increase total cost of the overall financing and ultimately percentage of WACC will goes up. When talking about only long term type of source of finance then the management of the public company needs to pay interest, dividend and other cost of finance on consistent basis which create more risk (Fredrick, 2013). It can be said that long term sources take expenses at year and it is not necessary that interest and tax rate remains constant each year. Further, due to enhancing interest and tax the company has to pay higher cost along with the more sum of money in terms of dividend to the existing and potential stockholders. Because of these all the things the WACC will become high and create negative image. In the industry when the public firm has more percentage of WACC then it indicates that management paying higher cost on the equity and debt both. Hence, it can be critically evaluated that because of long term sources of finance WACC will increase and create more risk on the firm.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from the current analysis that there are several varieties of external source available in the market for raising capital at the workplace which affects in positive and negative both ways on firm. It has been ascertained that venture capitalists, bank loan, equity financing, government grants and factoring theses all are external source which are suitable for a public listed company. It can be said that these all the source have advantages as well as limitations. When the management going to take decision for select a source for financing then it needs to consider risk, cost, control as well as legal aspects which are associated with all the sources. Further, it can be summarized that when the company has long term debt then it leads to increase weighted cost of capital (WACC) of a public listed company.

REFERENCES

• Almajali, A. Y., Alamro, S. A. and Al-Soub, Y. Z., 2012. Factors affecting the financial performance of Jordanian insurance companies listed at Amman Stock Exchange. Journal of Management Research. 4(2). pp. 266.
• Dunham-Taylor, J. and Pinczuk, J. Z., 2014. Financial management for nurse managers: Merging the heart with the dollar. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
• Flood, M. D., Mendelowitz, A. I. and Nichols, W., 2013. Monitoring financial stability in a complex world. In Financial Analysis and Risk Management. pp. 15-45.
• Fredrick, O., 2013. The impact of credit risk management on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. DBA Africa Management Review. 3(1).
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• Lord, R. K. and et.al., 2013. ICU early physical rehabilitation programs: financial modeling of cost savings. Critical care medicine. 41(3). pp. 717-724.
• Mathiyazhagan, K. and et.al., 2013. An ISM approach for the barrier analysis in implementing green supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production. 47. pp. 283-297.
• Michalski, G., 2012. Accounts receivable management in nonprofit organizations. Zeszyty Teoretyczne RachunkowoÅ›ci. (68). pp. 83-96.
• Richard, O. C., Kirby, S. L. and Chadwick, K., 2013. The impact of racial and gender diversity in management on financial performance: How participative strategy making features can unleash a diversity advantage. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 24(13). pp. 2571-2582.

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