Finance And Funding In Travel And Tourism

TASK 1

1.1 Business is a combination of income and expenses which are incurred in daily routine business as the owner needs to control their expenses in order to increase the amount of the sales and the revenues (Ward and Peppard, 2016). Different expenses involved in the business enterprise such as operating expenses includes material expenses, use of equipments, wages and salaries and different other expenses which may be fall in the business at particular time interval. There are different kinds of costs involved in an enterprise which needs to be maintained by preparing budgets and using different monitoring tools and techniques (Stewart, 2014). The costs can be of two major categories that is fixed costs and variable costs. The fixed costs is that kind of costs which will be not be reduces as it is jointly connected with the opening of business such as rent of the premises and utility bills.

On the other hand variable costs are that costs which may vary according to the changes in the production level of the business. The nil production unit may doesn’t produce any variable costs as it is increases or decreases with the changes takes place in the activity level of production of an entity. Various costs involved in the business of Merlin Entertainment include preliminary costs involved in arranging funds and financial resources from the external business environment (Mulley and Walters, 2014). It also involves various costs such as expenses involved for providing fun and leisure activities for visitors who visits different tourists destinations, ticket booking services by opening travel centers to facilitate all its customers, booking accommodation facility which requires costs as the owner will collaborate with different hotels in order to provide this kind of feature to all their customers who books tickers for various destinations.

The costs should be reviewed and revised periodically in order to attract wide number of customers as the higher prices will de-motivated various customers and hence reduces the level of sales and the revenue (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). Another perspective involve in  revision of costs is that all the changes are taken into considerations in the price of tickets which includes increasing fares of flights, increase in the cost of visa services, higher taxation burden such as service tax, excise duty and value added tax. It helps an enterprise in determining the financial position by identifying the actual proportion among the income and expense ratio. This ratio assists an entity in order to increase their overall profitability by collecting income from several kinds of sources.

This enterprise will also use various techniques that are cost volume profit analysis technique which is concerned with an entity in order to firm relationship between cost and sales of the firm. The importance of CVP analysis which is beneficial for an entity for operating in this fast growing and emerged industry that is travel and tourism sector which are given as below:

It helps Merlin enterprise in assessing their costs as the burden of fixed costs on the business will suppress the existing business conditions (WisCombe, 2016). CVP used to forecast the future sales and specific percentage of sales and also identify that amount of sales level at which the entity will not earn profit nor loss just top cover their basic costs involved in the business entity.

It helps to provide different sales mix which facilities variety of customers as wide variety of products or services. It also used to carry out analysis in which variety of activities are conducted by Merlin entertainment plc, such as recruitment  of new staff, buying or selling of existing assets, leasing new machines in order to reduce costs to a greater extent.

It assists management to consider all its potential expenses even in the form of small categories to the higher range of expenses (Stewart, 2014). It includes various expenses such as maintenance of premises, fuel costs and oiling of the machines to operate the machines without any kind of stoppage which allows an entity to increase their overall productivity which in turn increase the sales and revenue of the entity in order to earn higher amount of profit.

The basic thing involved in this technique is that it gives emphasis on the division of costs in tow major categories such as fixed and variable costs (Ward and Peppard,  2016). This division of cost is essential for the business as the future action of an entity will be totally based on the division criteria utilized by the business enterprise.

1.2 Integral part of every business is price element which is essential for Merlin entertainment plc which is operating in the business which deals in different variety of services related to the travel and tourism (Mulley and Walters, 2014). Price is that attribute of an organization which able to attract wide number of customers by framing their prices as per the budget and income capability of an entity. It play crucial role in the current organization as it aids in determining the initial costs that is the basic costs involved in the business of an entity which can be covered  by generating higher sales. Different pricing strategies adopted by an enterprise will help an enterprise in order to gain competitive advantage over its rivals which creates several threats and tough business situation in order to maintain the existence of an enterprise which are given as below:

Value added pricing- It is that pricing strategy which is commonly used by an enterprise in order to gain higher level of customer satisfaction as their main motive is to catch the interest of several kind of customers (Stewart, 2014). This form of pricing strategy in which states and preferences of buyers given higher priority as they are rational action who make several decisions regarding quality of services offered by the enterprise to various number of customers with a clear cut approach to gain popularity among wide set of customers. This popularity among customers will be able to generate higher amount of sales (WisCombe, 2016). Merlin entertainment can utilize this efficient technique as selling travel related services require much patience as the expensive services will not be purchased by the customers easily as it involves various kinds of risks related to flights. Tourists attractions of the famous tourist destinations such as LEGO-LAND and other theme parks based on the resort which provides refreshment services to all the visitors is an attractive feature that can be adopted by this enterprise in order to attract wide number of customers.

Skimmed pricing- In this particular sector that is travel and tourism where all the expensive services will be not easily taken up by the business due to its expensiveness the initial business owner will adopt this strategy. It is strategy which will catches interest of wide number of peoples as there is less profit margin as the main focus of the owner is attracting different set of customers with less cost and various benefits in form of cash backs, free and complimentary services (Stewart, 2014). It is also regarded as discounted pricing technique in which all the services are offered to all the customers in discounted prices to lute different kinds of clients towards he efficient quality of the business. The enterprise will able to create loyalty among customers and all the existing customers will do mouth publicity that reduces marketing cost for the business for greater extent.

Cost plus pricing- It is commonly used technique in used by an organization in which all the costs are covered in the pricing of tour packages offered by tour operators with determined percentage of profit included in the price (Mulley and Walters, 2014). It will cover two basic kinds of costs such as all fixed and variable costs with specific percentage of profit as their main motive is to earn profit. The owner help responsible for uplifting their company with a clear goals and objective is to maximize the wealth of all the shareholders for whom business held responsible (Stewart,  2014). It is that strategy which is best suitable strategy for an enterprise which is best suitable technique which can be used in this travel and tourism and the owner can earn amount of profit by producing higher level of sales and the revenue.

1.3 Profit is the final outcome after meeting all kind of expenses that involves in operating of business from the revenue generated by the owner (Inderst, 2013). It is those things which every business will make efforts in order to earn this much of amount as their main aim is o earn higher profit by boosting their level of sales and revenue. Higher sales doesn’t mean to be in higher profit as the expenses also play a significant role as higher the expenses lower will be its profit and vice-versa . It can also be said that revenue generated by an enterprise by providing their precious services with quality oriented approach used by the enterprise. The service is important in travel and tourism industry by offering good quality services and earn high amount of profit. The management is concern with reducing costs in order to increase the level of profit (Hanna, 2014). It also plays crucial role play in determination of selling price of goods and services as their main aim is to identify all the factors that affect an entity in the different situations in order to increase the profit level by providing wide range of services to facilitate all the customers.

There are various factors which help marlin entertainment in order to determine the price of goods and services which are given as below:

Economic factors- Inflation and recession are the main dangerous things involved in economical factors of the economy which may boost or reduces the standard of living or financial status of the economy (Hanna, 2014). The stability of the economy will helps an entity in inducing their sales level which is far more important thing for an entity. The increasing business complexities in the external business environment troubles the survival of an entity will get impossible which creates depression and financial stress which increases the variable cost (Inderst, 2013). In this sector people will spend less in different activities such as travel bookings, entertainment services such as exploring theme parks such as LEGOLAND, luxurious products and many more services as per the availability and dependability of customers as per their tastes and preferences.

Political factors- It also involves different political factors such as government and its authorities which intervenes in the price determination as the taxation will be incorporated in the prices which will increases the prices and by providing services at low prices the business will required to decrease their profit as higher prices will not entertain different set of customers quality and price are the main elements which every customer looks as primary component in the determination of prices.

TASK 2

2.1 The major concern of management accountant is to reduce the costs as the specialized function of managements is to reduce all their expenses to a greater extent in order to avoid all kinds of problems that may arise in the path of business in form of challenges (WisCombe, 2016). These challenges can be of any shape such as uncertain future expenses, heavy burden of taxation, merger and acquisition costs involves in the business. Increasing cost of goods sold includes cost of purchases, salaries and wages costs increases due to high staff turnover. Identifying a different costs center which helps in reducing costs by analyzing their impact on a business in order to increase the profitability of the business (Stewart, 2014). All the accounting records and financial records are prepared to ascertain the affect the increasing costs as the future of an entity has been determine by identifying the future impact of these kinds of costs. There are various kinds of management accounting information which will be helpful for an enterprise which are given as below:

Ascertainment of costs- Cost plays a significant role in an entity as the determination of costs will help an enterprise owner in order to determine the price of products as the cost element will be involved in the price of products (Inderst, 2013). The costs has also further divided as per their nature, element, relevancy and controllability in order to bifurcate the total costs into various categories which assist an entity in order to include or exclude their different costs by prioritizing the costs.

Budgeting- After analyzing and determining the costs takes place in an enterprise another tool which also commonly used by management in planning their current as well as future expenses and incomes by preparing budgets. The budgets are that weapon used in the business which is also regarded as one of the controlling tool which has utilized in the business for planning. There various kinds of budgets prepared in an enterprise such as cash, material, operating, sales and expenses budget (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). Different aspects of the business majorly categorized in income and expenses basis in which the favorable balances generated from these budgets will helps an entity in return to showcases their ability to deal complex business situations.

2.2 Management takes several steps in order to move ahead in the business as their main aim is to reduce the costs which further help an entity in order to form business decisions. The accounting information is also helpful for an entity in decision making as one of the important decision making tool (Inderst, 2013.). Forming business decision are also one of the vital part of the business concern as it involves accepting or rejecting a business project on the basis of the information which will assist an entity to gain competitive advantage over its competitors which are given as below:

Market trends- The travel and tourism business is that business which will directly affect by the external market changes in form of market trends and styles that may affect the business performance (Hanna, 2014). The globalization is that approach which enhances the scope of an entity in terms of expanding their services by increases its various services and getting brand recognition and image.

Forecasting- It is also  terms as one of the predictive tool that uses business analytics in form of statistical tools applied to assess the  currents facts and figures of the business in order to forecast the future efficiency (DRURY, 2013). It can be done by preparing budgets that uses different components of the business such as cash and other expenses to strengthen the business position by increasing their goals by meeting desired outcomes in period.

Capital budgeting- different tools of capital budgeting is also used to assess the viability of the project in form of investing in the proposal or rejecting the project by applying various techniques (Figge and Hahn, 2013). It involves various techniques like payback period, net present value, and internal rate of return and also involves average rate of return which helps management in order to accept or reject the proposal.

TASK 3

3.1 Ratio analysis is that technique which helps an enterprise in order to ascertain the financial performance of the business as their main motive is to beat all the customers by strengthening their financial conditions (Bhowmik and Saha, 2013). There are several ratios that reflect the business in efficiency in two standard forms that is internal and external to assess the burden created by other rivals exists in the business environment. The financial status of Restaurant group plc has been evaluated and assessed by analyzing their internal business operations which are reflected with the help of various ratios which are given as below:

Liquidity ratios- It is one of the category used in ratio analysis as one of the tool used I the business to evaluate their business efficiency by assessing current assets and current liabilities by identifying their existing proportion in the entity. It helps to calculate the available balance held by an enterprise in order to meet all the short term obligations occur in form of current liabilities in the business (Figge and Hahn, 2013). There are certain sub parts of this main heading are also helped an enterprise by assessing their own weakness or strengths in relation to the specific factors are given as below:

Current ratio- It is that ratio which is essential part of the liquidity ratio in which the current assets are evaluated that it is sufficient to meet all the current liabilities sands also contributes in the business by maintaining available cash balance in the organization (Bhowmik and Saha, 2013). In the above table, the ratio has increases from 2014 to 2015 due to gather decease in the amounts of current liabilities held by an enterprise.

Quick ratio- It is that ratio which assess the efficiency of an entity of the current assets without involving closing stock in the amount of current assets. The efficiency of an entity has been increased from previous year but doesn’t show significant efforts made by the business in order to increase or decrease the ratio (Ahrendsen and Katchova, 2012). In the given case, the quick ratio of the restaurant group plc has increases its quick ratio that shows the efficient of current asset without inclusion of closing stock.

Profitability- The main of every enterprise is to earn profit by generating more sales and the revenue (Abbasi, 2014). There are two main ratios that helps a entity in order to ascertain there profitability by analyzing two kind of profit before tax and one is after tax, There are common part of this kind of ratios which are given as below:

GP ratio- It is usually found in every enterprise as the GP I that raw profit generated by an organization after deducting cost of sales from the sales figure. It is one of the components of profit and loss statement (DRURY, 2013). The GP ratio has increases from previous which shows firm’s ability in generating higher level of sales and the revenue and at the same time it also depicts that the cost of goods sold also gets reduces.

Net profit – It is regarded as complete profit which is widely used every entity in ascertaining their profitability of a particular year as it also states in the annual reports generated  by the enterprise and circulated to different shareholders in order to convey efficient and transparent business conditions of the entity. It is commonly used ratio as it involves tax implications on the profit generated by an enterprise (Inderst, 2013). Tax will be deducted from the gross profit amount generated after excluding cost of sales from the net sales. This ratio has decreases from its earlier years as this shows heavy tax burden on enterprise which reduces its overall net profit.

Operating profit- It is another most important element forms part of profit and loss statement as it is that profit which is generated after deducting all kind of operating costs from the figure of net sales. It has produced after deducting cost of sales from the sales and further excluding selling and distribution and administration expenses from GP then operating profit arrived (Hanna, 2014). Operating ratio has declined from previous year which totally denotes the negligence of an enterprise in order to increase the burden on their overall business by increasing their operating expenses in proportion to the sales generated by an entity.

Gearing ratios- It is that ratios which help to find out the relationships between capital and asset held by an entity which is further discussed by the business.

Debt equity ratio- this ratio helps to find out the perfect alignment among these two components which is widely used as alone or in combination (Kroenke and Boyle, 2015). This ratio helps to find out the proportion among debt and equity held by an entity. The debt shows burden and on the contrary to it equity shows ability of the firm by increasing their strength. The financial performance of an entity has declining from previous years as the debt component in form of debentures or bank loan is higher which dominates the firm’s ability in order to create a larger impact on their overall performance.

Assert turnover- It shows the contribution of assets in generating higher amount of the sales and revenue (Mulley and Walters, 2014). The proportion between the net sales in relation the total number of sales produces by an entity will have significant importance or not has been explained with the help of this kind of ratio. The constant ratio shows careless attitude adopted by the entity in order creates significant positive changes in the ratios.

Inventory turnover- It is that kind o ratio which helps an entity in order to ascertain their business efficiency by analyzing the major part of the organization that is the inventory (WisCombe, 2016). The declining ratio shows that cost of goods sold increases as compared to the inventory held by an enterprise creates bi significant changes in uplifting and fostering their current and existing working conditions.

CONCLUSION

It can be summarized from the above project report that financial resources and there is funding is essential aspect of a enterprise as an enterprise’s current working conditions will be improved by following various kinds of standards and measures. Merlin entertainment that provides their extended services which includes entertainment services and majorly includes travel and tourism services in these sectors will bring lots of opportunities whole using wide range of sources in order to attract different kinds of customers. The above report also stresses on the cost element in contrast with the impact on the profit component which helps to increase the profitability of an enterprise. This report has also focused on various aspects which an enterprise owner needs to give emphasize in order control its costs. The major concern of management accountant is to maintain coordination among the enterprise by maintaining discipline and peaceful working environment. Ratio analysis has also used as one of the comparative analysis tool that helps an enterprise in order to assess it business efficiency by judging current ability in comparison with the previous figures in the category of different aspects of the business such as profitability, liquidity, financial health and gearing ratios that assess all the components of the balance sheet.

REFERENCES

• Abbasi, H., 2014. Role of Management Accounting Information System in Organizations. Journal of Business and Technovation. 2(1). pp.96-102.
• Ahrendsen, B. L. and Katchova, A. L., 2012. Financial ratio analysis using ARMS data. Agricultural Finance Review. 72(2). pp.262-272.
• Bhowmik, S. K. and Saha, D., 2013. Sources of Finance. In Financial Inclusion of the Marginalised (pp. 61-71). Springer India.
• Brigham, E. F. and Ehrhardt, M. C., 2013. Financial management: Theory & practice. Cengage Learning.
• Dollery, B. E., Kortt, M. A. and Grant, B. J., 2013. Funding the Future: Financial sustainability and infrastructure finance in Australian Local Government.
• DRURY, C. M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer.
• Figge, F. and Hahn, T., 2013. Value drivers of corporate eco-efficiency: Management accounting information for the efficient use of environmental resources. Management Accounting Research. 24(4). pp.387-400.
• Galliers, R. D. and Leidner, D. E., 2014. Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge.
• Hanna, R. W., 2014. The adoption of performance funding in higher education: A combination of public policy, finance and politics.
• Inderst, G., 2013. Private infrastructure finance and investment in Europe.
• Ismail, N. A. and King, M., 2014. Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms. Journal of Information Systems and Small Business. 1(1-2). pp.1-20.

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