Human Resource Management Sample

TASK 1

1.1 Difference between personnel and human resource management

One of the major differences between personnel management and human resource management is that prior is an old and traditional approach that focuses only on people in organization whereas latter is an modern approach which is used to manage people and their strengths in organization (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014).  Further, it can be stated that personnel management is a routine function whereas human resources management is a strategic function. The pay in personnel management is based on job evaluation of employees but in human resources management pay grade is determined on the basis of employee's performance. The concept of personnel management was limited to employee welfare and developing healthy relations with labour. HRM deals with recruitment, selection, management and motivation of workers in a business enterprise. The role of management is transactional in personnel management whereas in HRM management plays transformational role. Other than this, personnel management possess slow decision making but fast is observed in HRM. People are considered as an input to achieve desired goals and objectives in personnel management (Datta, Guthrie and Wright, 2005). On the other hand, in HRM, employees are treated as one of the most important assets which can help organizations to achieve their aim and objectives. The training and development sessions provided in HRM are also more as compared to the sessions provided in personnel management. Therefore, it can be stated that human resources management is far more effective way to manage people in organization in comparison to personnel management.

1.2 Function of the human resource management in contributing to organisational purposes

Human resource management is considered as a very important part of an organization. Further, some of its core function includes recruitment, staffing, training and development and dealing with performance of employees (Becton and Schraeder, 2009). It can be stated that manpower plays a significant role in success of business enterprise. During the process of recruitment, HRM deals with areas such as defining vacancy, personal specification, job description and advertisement regarding the same. In addition to this, HRM also plays crucial role in the process of selection by choosing the best and most eligible candidate among all the applicants. Organizations purpose cannot be achieved if the employees are not skilled and productive. Therefore, the practises of HRM focus on training and development of people within a business enterprise. This results in enhancing skills, motivational level and knowledge of employees which further leads to accomplishment of organization's aim and purpose. Along with this, HRM also take care of employee's performance and it is also one of its major functions (Storey, 2007). At regular intervals, HRM practises are used to examine performance of people within a company. Further, measures are also taken to enhance the same in order to achieve the purpose of organization. Thus, it can be stated that HRM functions contributes a lot in the growth and success of businesses.

1.3 Role and responsibilities of line managers in human resource management

Line managers are the one who are responsible to take care and manage teams and people within an organization. Further, these managers have various kinds of roles and responsibilities which are required to be accomplished in effective manner. In big organizations such as Asda, the lines managers perform the role of managing employees (Guest, 2011). In addition to this, they are also responsible for providing technical expertise to people who works under them. It is the duty of Asda's line manager to monitor quality of all its products and services. On the other side, in organizations such as Nike, line managers are also responsible for engagement of all its employees. They are the one who develops effective culture within organization. Line managers encourage open culture and communication that supports engagement of all workers. Other than this, in organization such as Next Plc, line managers are responsible for the performance appraisal of all employees. It can be also stated that the structure of performance appraisal is determined by HR managers but line managers are the one who implements the same (Meredith Belbin, 2011). They often conducts one-to-one meeting with workers in order to identify their problems and take feedback from them. It is required by line manager to listen and take interest in the feedback provided from the employees. Other than this, they are also responsible for maintaining decorum and discipline within the workplace. They also take care of performance related to pay which enhances motivation of workers.

1.4 Impact of the legal and regulatory framework on human resource management

Legal and regulatory framework makes a direct impact on the human resource management of an organization. It can be expressed that the practices and policies of HRM needs to comply with healthy and safety legislation, employment laws and other regulations. Further, HRM practices must address any kind of changes in the above stated the laws and legislation. Human resource management deals with process of recruitment and selection where people are hired for vacant post in organization (Kotey and Slade, 2005). As per the regulations, HR manager is required to use fair and transparent policy at the time of recruitment and selection. Along with this, candidates should be selected on the basis of their qualification, experience, skill set and abilities. The legal and regulatory framework forces organizations such as the Tesco to change its existing HRM practices. On the other side, it has also encouraged the organization to provide equal opportunities for growth and development to all its employees. It is only because of the legal and regulatory framework that better pay and working hours are being provided to employees of Tesco (Hayton, 2005). Apart from this, the framework has also encouraged organization to provide safe and hygienic working environment to all its members' staff. All these changes have increased the overall cost of operations and have also made modifications in existing HRM practices of organizations such as Tesco.

TASK 2

2.1 Reasons for human resource planning in organisations

The key objective behind carrying out human resources planning is that it helps companies to identify the exact number of employees required. In simpler terms, human resource (HR) planning helps in ensuring adequate supply of employees or manpower whenever it is required. Organization carries out HR planning at frequent intervals in order to meet the future demand of employees in best possible manner (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). One of the main reasons why HR planning is carried out is that it helps business enterprise to cope up with the changes. Organizations such as Asda and Tecso are required to make changes as per the changing external environment in which these businesses operate. Human resource planning helps in making employees capable enough to cope up and adopt changes. Another reason for carrying out HR planning is that it helps the above stated two retailers to get the best and most talented staff members. Effective plans can help in selection of the most eligible candidate for the vacant position in the organization (Becker and Huselid, 2006). It can be stated that despite of high unemployment rate, businesses such as Asda and Tecso faces problem related to hiring of skilled and capable employees. Therefore, effective HR plans help these firms to overcome from the problem related to unavailability of skilled workforce (Becton and Schraeder, 2009). On the other hand, human resources planning are also carried out with the motive of meeting growth and expansion needs of businesses (Aswathappa, 2005). Another reason behind carrying out HR planning is that it helps organizations such as Asda and Tecso to make the best and optimum use of all their employees. The gap between demand and supply of human resources is easily managed by carrying out effective HR plans.

2.2 Stages involved in planning human resource requirements

Human resource planning can be termed as the process in which effective plans are developed to meet the future demand of people within organization. The stages involved in human resource planning of Sainsbury are mentioned below as:

Assessment of human resource- The process of HR planning in Sainsbury begins with the assessment of its internal and external environment (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). This helps the organization to become aware of its core strengths and weaknesses along with future opportunities and major threats. On the basis of this, the future requirement of human resources is being identified.
Checking out the existing inventory of human resources- Sainsbury starts identification of its current number of employees, their skills, strength and weaknesses in the second stage of HR planning. In order to meet the requirement of job, both internal and external sources are also examined by Sainsbury.

Demand and supply forceasting- The third stage of human resource planning consists of forecasting the future demand and supply of employees in Sainsbury. Job description and personal specification are being developed for the vacant position (Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2011). Along with this, sources are also evaluated from where the identified demand can be satisfied by Sainsbury.   
Estimations of manpower gaps- Sainsbury finds out deficit and surplus of human resources by comparing their demand and supply. In situation of deficit, the organization starts employing people whereas in case of surplus, it stares terminating workers (Datta,  Guthrie and Wright, 2005).
Implementation of action plan- The action plan of Sainsbury's human resource is based on deficit or surplus. On the basis of this findings, action plan are implemented which consists of major activities such as recruitment, selection, training development etc.

2.3 Comparison of recruitment and selection process in two organisations

Asda and Tesco are the two popular retail chains of United Kingdom. Further, both these organizations operate with large number of employees. The recruitment and selection procedure which are followed in Asda are completely different from what it has been implemented at Tesco (Kotey and Slade, 2005). Asda gives preference to internal sources and then moves to external sources whereas Tesco directly seeks for external sources of recruitment and selection. Whenever, there is a vacant position in organization, Tesco starts publishing ads on newspapers and other related media to invite applicants. On the other side, Asda try of lower down its cost on recruitment and training of new employees by seeking for existing employees that can fill vacant position (Guest, 2011). In case, if the organization is not able to find eligible employee then it looks for external sources. The process of selection of Asda also differs from Tesco. There are three rounds of interview which are carried out Asda in order to select employee for vacant post. On the other side, Tesco follows a proper procedure of selection in which preliminary interviews are carried out, written test are conducted, employee interviews, medical examination are arranged and then appointment letter is provided to the applicant (Aswathappa, 2005).

2.4 Effectiveness of the recruitment and selection techniques in two organisations

The technique which has been used by Asda and Tesco are effective in various terms. The process of recruitment and selection which is used by Asda can be termed as effective because it lowers down the cost of advertisement and training. Whenever a post gets vacant, Asda tries to fill the same with its existing employees (Jackson, Schuler and Werner, 2011). Therefore, to a certain extent, it is not required to invest on advertisement to invite applicants for the vacant post. Further, the existing employee is already familiar with working environment, culture and no training is required for him. This directly results in cutting down the cost incur in training (Meredith Belbin, 2011). Along with this, Asda's process of recruitment and selection also creates satisfaction among its existing employees as they are provided opportunities of promotion on priority basis. On the other side of this, the process which has been adopted by Tesco is effective because it bring fresh and new talent in the organization (Hayton, 2005). With the help of external sources, Tesco is made available with wide variety of choices to fill the vacant position. Other than this, a well structured process of selection helps in selecting the best and most eligible candidate among all the applicants. Therefore, it can be stated that both the methods adopted by Tesco and Asda are effective in their own way.

TASK3

3.1 Link between motivational theory and reward

From a long run, the importance of motivation is seen around the corporate world for retaining employees at the workplace. In general words, motivation is seen as the process by which individual behaviour can be changed while satisfying their needs and wants. The organizations make use of different motivational theories so as to keep employees motivated for the better performance (Herradón, 2008). The motivational theories used by the companies are divided into two major sections such as content theories and process theories. The content theories are emphasised on what motivations are, on the other hand, process theories presents that what is the real process of motivating an individual.

To the flip side on a coin, reward is a monetary value that is gained by the workers during job period. Rewards can be paid in both forms i.e. financial or non- financial. Financial rewards is provided to employees against their performance however, non-financial somewhat related when organizational rewards employees in terms of promotion, achievement and praise. The link between rewards and motivation directly leads to organizational efficiency (Srimannarayana, 2006). For an example: UK organizations generally design incentive system as to encourage people to attain objectives. The role of rewards is in providing direct motivation to the workforces in successfully completing their jobs.

Prior to describe, role of motivation in real organization, it is important to identify the motivational theory which fits to the scenario. According to Vroom expectancy theory, the motivation level of individual working in an organization depends upon how much rewards they want. In this aspect, if an employee knows that he / she will get good monetary or non-monetary benefits for his/ her good performance then he / she will defiantly put more efforts. The mentioned theory is based three elements i.e. valence, expectancy and instrumentality. However, valence denotes the emotional attachment of employees with rewards. Instrumentality denotes to the perception of employees to attain outcomes by increasing their productivity. At last the expectancy represents that rewards lead to expected performance (Prince, 2011). For an example: Tesco is a leading retailer of UK who offers range of scale and the reward systems to increase the moral of employees. Financial and non financial rewards are provided to workers to keep them motivated whereas company also uses number of motivation theories. The financial rewards system includes special offers and discounts to attain employee motivation for improved work.

3.2 Process of job evaluation and other factors determining pay

Job evaluation is a process used by the corporate entities with the aim of extinguishing the relative value of jobs within the organization. This is quite important process to evaluate to each job and determining the pay scale. However, it is quite important for employers to define clear reason for job evaluation as prior to conduct it. During the Job evaluation, three major factors are to be focused on including: knowledge required for effective performance; complexity of the decision making role; and the authority or control invested with the job position. For this task, knowledgeable Human resources specialists decide on the effective evaluation of job (Becton and Schraeder, 2009). There are two major methods of conducting job evaluation i.e. quantitative and qualitative, among which one is to be chosen for a time to make successful job analysis for a post. However, the process of job evaluation is complex, but, it is required to conduct a specific analysis of a job for determining pay scale. The points below represent the process of job evaluation within an organization:

• Gaining acceptance  is important to gain taking from the board of members for designing job analysis for a new or vacant post
• Creating job evaluation committee is the second step of job evaluation process.
• This is really  important to determine jobs that are to be evaluated
• Preparation of Job description (Schuler and Jackson, 2008)
• This is quite important to choose the method of evaluation
• Commencement of job evaluation program
• Periodic reappraisal of programme

Nonetheless, there are many factors that affect the determination of pay scale for a particulate Job. The points are explained below in the following points:

Organization Size: The size of organization is the major factors that determines pay scale, usually, it considers that a big organization pay good salaries due to size and competition available in the market.  
Seniority of Job position: To decide over the pay scales for a particular job, seniority of job position is a major factor. On the basis of seniority, the job evaluation committee determines the pay (Jackson, Schuler, and Werner, 2011).

Profitability targets of the organization: The pay scale of company is determined after deciding the profitability targets. The objectives of profits are to be looked at the time of deciding pay scales for a job post.

Skills and experience required for a Job: The requirements within a candidate commencing the role and responsibilities of the vacant post is the major factors that is considered while determining the pay scales for a job. However, industry sector and well as performance of employees is also a base of determining pay scale for a job (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014).

In regard to the retailing organizations, pay scale is determined and the existing competitors pay scale for the similar post. For example: Tesco determines pay scales while considering availability of labour in the market, competitors pay scale as well as the law within UK labour market regarding direct and indirect financial payments. In addition to that pay scales are determined while considering time and performance required for the post. The workers of Tesco are provided overtime for their extra work and piecework system is also used by Tesco.

3.3 Effectiveness of reward systems in different contexts

Reward system is the foremost requirement of an organization for the purpose of motivating people at the workplace. Intrinsic and Extrinsic rewards are two kinds of different rewards which are paid to the employees against their improved performance. The extrinsic rewards are one of tangible rewards including bonuses, gifts, compensation, salary raise, and commissions (Grobler, 2005). On the other hand, intrinsic rewards are used to provide personal satisfaction to workers. Such kinds of rewards include information, promotion, recognition, feedbacks, trust and relationship, etc (Chand, 2014). The effectiveness of reward systems can be seen in terms of motivating employees towards higher performance as well as keeping employees satisfied with their jobs. In this regard, employee bonus systems are considered as positive strategies that are used for providing actual motivation. This is to be noticed that within Tesco, bonus systems consider the factors such as attendance, customer service, quality, group and individual performance so as to reward an individual on overall basis. The bonuses provided to employees increase employees' motivation and productivity/ performance. Salary raise which is included in an extrinsic reward system is seen as the most significant motivators for workers as it improves employee's performance; hence, overall organizational performance increases. Promotion, on the other hand, is effective reward system in which employees are motivated by transferring to higher positrons (Grobler, 2005). This is considering being effective system in improving employee's morale and job satisfaction. The rewards system provides a good chance to organization for boosting profits and bringing out positive psychological contract among employees and the organization.

3.4 Methods organisations use to monitor employee performance

Measurement and monitoring of employee performance is important to provide them better pay scale and rewards. In other words, it is the most important task of motivating people towards improved performance and providing feedbacks. Tesco uses different methods to measure the performance of employees and rewarding them. Observation and feedback are the two major methods that are used by Tesco so as to monitor the performance of their employees'. As pre the performance monitoring system, Tesco hires an expert so as to monitor employee performance who provides straightforward feedback on individual performances. The observational methods are important for in rendering straight shape to the workers of what is expected from them (Jackson Schulerand Werner, 2011).

Furthermore, Tesco uses performance standards to judge individual performance on the basis of per-determined standards. The actual performance of individual working in the organization is compared with the performance standards. Using this method, company focuses on monitoring performance under realistic and measurable criteria. The performance of individual is measured in terms of time, quality, effect, cost, quantity and the manner of performance. Performance evaluation is also used by Tesco to find out the actual job performance of employees against selected performance standards. For this, Tesco employees' are interviewed for providing information regarding their performance and are guided for creating a plan to improve existing performance. It was found that Tesco uses "360-degree appraisal" methods in which Tesco's stakeholders evaluate individual performance.

TASK 4

4.1 Reasons for cessation of employment with an organisation

Cessation of employment is termed as an end of the employments period due to his / her resigning or taking retirement from the job. However, after the death of employee, the procedure of cessation of employment changes and such process must be completed as soon as possible. In general terms, cessation of employment is done in two major cases as resigning or taking retirement from the job (Cessation of Employment, 2016). There can be many reasons for cessation of employment with an organisation that are explained in the following points:

Salary issues: Due to the issues of salaries many people leave the job. In the well furnished retailing market where organization like a Tesco and Sainsbury operates, a huge gap between salary packages can be seen. It is major reason for cessation of employment.

Conclusion of fixed employment period: In many of organization, the employees are appointed for a fixed period for the completion of a task.  The major reason of cessation of employment, in such case is of completion of Job duration (Cessation of Employment, 2016).

Employee fired: The employees can be fired from the organization just because of their misconduct, damaging the property, falsifying records of company as well as violating company's rules.

Layoffs: The reasons may be temporary and permanent suspension from a position just because it is not required for the organization.

Low level of performance: The low level of performance of employees can be a reason of Cessation of employment (Cessation of Employment. 2016).

Employee/manager relationship: Many times, employees of UK organizations leave the job because of tension between employees and the management as well as poor relations with the same. In addition, when manager fails to satisfy the needs of subordinate they leave the job, hence employee turnover increases.

4.2 Employment exit procedures used by two organisations

The procedure of handling the situation of employee leaves is considered as exit policies. The exits procedures are used when employees resign or retire from the organization. There are two major types of exit policies such as voluntary and involuntary.  Whenever some organizations lave the company, it is denoted as voluntary leave, on the other had when employees are forced to leave organization, it called as involuntary exit (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014). At the time of leaving organization, the employees have to fulfill the all requirement and to clear the exits forms. Within UK organization, Voluntary retirement scheme and Golden hand shake are the major policies that are used by company to encourage employees for leaving the job at earlier phases. However, it is used at the time when employees and employers both take it as a benefit. For an example: TESCO is seen with offering  VRS and Golden shake to seniors employees on the other hand, employees of Tesco are liable to go through the exits policies when leaving organization. The employees are asked about the reasons of leaving jobs which will further provide benefits in terms of finding out the ways for decrease employee turnover.  However, the leading entity of UK hospitality organization conducts personal exit interviews with employees for asking the reasons for leaving the job (Chand, 2014). The importance of Exit interviews is that the company can work upon the reasons so as to decrease employee turnover. The employees of Marriott are asked about their perception about working environment, working style and so on. The loopholes of company are to be identified so that employees can be retained for a longer period of time. At last, it can be said that with the help of exit policy company can improve motivation among employees are can retain them.

4.3 Impact of the legal and regulatory framework on employment cessation arrangements

The major aim of designing the framework on employment cessation arrangements is to improve the employee's retention status and to complete legal settlements during exit of employees from the organization. In accordance with the Employment relation act 2004, the workers of organizations are provided with a right to protest against dismissal (Odina, 2014). This right is used at the time when company forces employees to leave the organization without a valid reason (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014).  As per the laws of this act, employees are liable to claim against dismissals lies when they feel suffered with harming employment rights. As a legal impact of employment cessation arrangements, the organization has to pay unlimited compensation when finding in guilt of illegal discrimination. The organizations operating within the UK region are liable to put attention towards employee redundancies and dismissals. Almost all the companies use employment cessation agreement for avoiding unfair employment practices within Tesco. However, this act reserves the welfare of employees and allows them to maintain their best interest within organization (Employment. 2016). With an impact of such policy, any employees cannot be dismissed from organization without paying a valid cause. In case of overruling the laws, legal actions can be taken against management that will put negative impact on the reputation of company.

CONCLUSION

The above report discussed about human resource management and its applications to various organizations operating in United Kingdom. From an in-depth analysis, it was found that human resources management is far more effective way to manage people in organization in comparison with personnel management. The recruitment and selection process is found helpful for organizations in lowering down the cost of advertisement and training. Nonetheless, improved employee performance is an effectiveness of reward system; which motivates employees for higher performance. Further, it also assists them to gain knowledge and acquire new things. At last, it was found that the applications of employment cessation arrangements allow business entities to minimize financial losses as well as improving company's image in the marketplace.

REFERENCES

• Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.
• Aswathappa, K., 2005. Human resource and personnel management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
• Becker, B. E. and Huselid, M. A., 2006. Strategic human resources management: where do we go from here?. Journal of management.
• Becton, J. B. and Schraeder, M., 2009. Strategic Human Resources Management: Are we there yet?. The Journal for Quality and participation.
• Datta, D. K., Guthrie, J. P. and Wright, P. M., 2005. Human resource management and labor productivity: does industry matter?. Academy of management Journal.
• Eisner, A. B, 2006. Strategic management: text and cases. Richard d Irwin.

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